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7
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
CONTENTS
Page
PREAMBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
PART I.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 1.
PART II.
Use of terms and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . 23
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 2.
Legal status of the territorial
sea, of the air space over the
territorial sea and of its bed
and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 3.
Breadth of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 4.
Outer limit of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 5.
Normal baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 6.
Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 7.
Straight baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 8.
Internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 9.
Mouths of rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 10.
Bays
……..
Article 11.
Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 12.
Roadsteads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 13.
Low-tide elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 14.
Combination of methods for
determining baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 15.
Delimitation
of the
territorial sea between
States with opposite or
adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 16.
Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . .
SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . .
SUBSECTION A.
RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS . . . . . . . . .
Article 17.
Right of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 18.
Meaning of passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 19.
Meaning of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 20.
Submarines and other underwater vehicles . . . . . . .
Article 21.
Laws and regulations of the
coastal State relating to
innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 22.
Sea lanes and traffic
separation schemes in the
territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 23.
Foreign nuclear-powered
ships and ships carrying
nuclear or other inherently
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
28
8
dangerous or noxious
substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Article 24.
Duties of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Article 25.
Rights of protection of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . 29
Article 26.
Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships . . 29
SUBSECTION B.
RULES APPLICABLE TO
MERCHANT SHIPS AND
GOVERNMENT SHIPS
O P E R A T E D
F O R
COMMERCIAL PURPOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Article 27.
Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship . . . . . 30
Article 28.
Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships . . . . . . 30
SUBSECTION C.
RULES APPLICABLE TO
WARSHIPS AND OTHER
GOVERNMENT SHIPS
OPERATED
FOR
NON-COMMERCIAL
PURPOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Article 29.
Definition of warships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Article 30.
Non-compliance by warships with the laws and
regulations of the coastal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Article 31.
Responsibility of the flag
State for damage caused by
a warship o r o ther
government ship operated
for non-commercial
purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Article 32.
Immunities of warships and
other government ships
o p e r a t e d
f o r
non-commercial purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Article 33.
Contiguous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
PART III.
STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL
NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 34.
Legal status of waters
forming straits used for
international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 35.
Scope of this Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 36.
High seas routes or routes
through exclusive economic
zones through straits used
for international navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 2. TRANSIT PASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 37.
Scope of this section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 38.
Right of transit passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 39.
Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage . .
Article 40.
Research and survey activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 41.
Sea lanes and traffic
separation schemes in straits
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
34
9
used for international
navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 42.
Laws and regulations of
States bordering straits
relating to transit passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 43.
Navigational and safety aids
and other improvements and
the prevention, reduction
and control of pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 44.
Duties of States bordering straits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 45.
Innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART IV.
35
35
35
36
36
ARCHIPELAGIC STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Article 46.
Article 47.
Article 48.
Article 49.
Article 50.
Article 51.
Article 52.
Article 53.
Article 54.
PART V.
34
Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Archipelagic baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement of the breadth
of the territorial sea, the
contiguous zone, the
exclusive economic zone
and the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal status of archipelagic
waters, of the air space over
archipelagic waters and of
their bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delimitation of internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Existin g agreements,
traditional fishing rights and
existing submarine cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right of innocent passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage . . . . . . . . . .
Duties of ships and aircraft
during their passage,
research and survey
activities, duties of the
archipelagic State and laws
and regulations of the
archipelagic State relating
to archipelagic sea lanes
passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
36
37
37
37
38
38
38
39
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Article 55.
Article 56.
Article 57.
Specific legal regime of the
exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Rights, jurisdiction and
duties of the coastal State in
the exclusive economic
zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Breadth of the exclusive economic zone . . . . . . . . . 40
10
Article 58.
Article 59.
Article 60.
Article 61.
Article 62.
Article 63.
Article 64.
Article 65.
Article 66.
Article 67.
Article 68.
Article 69.
Article 70.
Article 71.
Article 72.
Article 73.
Article 74.
Article 75.
PART VI.
Rights and duties of other
States in the exclusive
economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basis for the resolution of
conflicts regarding the
attribution of rights and
jurisdiction in the exclusive
economic zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Artificial islands,
installations and structures
in the exclusive economic
zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conservation of the living resources . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilization of the living resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stocks occurring within the
exclusive economic zones
of two or more coastal
States or both within the
exclusive economic zone
and in an area beyond and
adjacent to it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highly migratory species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anadromous stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catadromous species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sedentary species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right of land-locked States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right of geographically
disadvantaged States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 . . . . . . . . . .
Restrictions on transfer of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enforcement of laws and
regulations of the coastal
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delimitation
of the
exclusive economic zone
between States with
opposite or adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charts
and
lists of
geographical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
41
41
42
43
44
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
48
48
48
49
49
CONTINENTAL SHELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Article 76.
Article 77.
Article 78.
Article 79.
Definition of the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf. 51
Legal statu s of th e
superjacent waters and air
space and the rights and
freedoms of other States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Submarine cables and
pipelines on the continental
shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11
Article 80.
Article 81.
Article 82.
Article 83.
Article 84.
Article 85.
Artificial islands,
installations and structures
on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drilling on the continental shelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Payments and contributions
with respect to the
exploitation of the
continental shelf beyond
200 nautical miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delimitation
of the
continental shelf between
States with opposite or
adjacent coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charts and lists of geographical coordinates . . . . . .
Tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
52
52
52
53
53
PART VII. HIGH SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
SECTION 1.
GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 86.
Application of the provisions of this Part . . . . . . . .
Article 87.
Freedom of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 88.
Reservation of the high seas
for peaceful
purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 89.
Invalidity of claims of
sovereignty over the high
seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 90.
Right of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 91.
Nationality of ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 92.
Status of ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 93.
Ships flying the flag of the
United Nations, its
specialized agencies and the
I n ternational At o mi c
Energy Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 94.
Duties of the flag State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 95.
Immunity of warships on the high seas . . . . . . . . . .
Article 96.
Immunity of ships used only
on
government
non-commercial service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 97.
Penal jurisdiction in matters
of collision or any other
incident of navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 98.
Duty to render assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 99.
Prohibition of the transport of slaves . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 100.
Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy . . . . .
Article 101.
Definition of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 102.
Piracy by a warship,
go ver nment ship o r
government aircraft whose
crew has mutinied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 103.
Definition of a pirate ship or
aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
56
56
57
57
57
58
58
12
Article 104.
Retention or loss of the
nationality of a pirate ship
or aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 105.
Seizure of a pirate ship or
aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 106.
Liability for seizure without
adequate grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 107.
Ships and aircraft which are
entitled to seize on account
of piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 108.
Illicit traffic in narcotic
drugs or psychotropic
substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 109.
Unauthorized broadcasting
from the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 110.
Right of visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 111.
Right of hot pursuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 112.
Right to lay submarine cables
and pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 113.
Breaking or injury of a
submarine cable or pipeline
…………………………………..
Article 114.
Breaking or injury by
owners of a submarine cable
or pipeline of another
submarine cable or pipeline
…………………………………..
Article 115.
Indemnity for loss incurred
in avoiding injury to a
submarine cable or pipeline
…………………………………..
SECTION 2.
CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING
RESOURCES OF THE HIGH SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 116.
Right to fish on the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 117.
Duty of States to adopt with
respect to their nationals
measures for the
conservation of the living
resources of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 118.
Cooperation of States in the
conservation and
management of living
resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 119.
Conservation of the living
resources of the high seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 120.
Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART VIII.
58
58
58
58
59
59
59
60
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
62
63
REGIME OF ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Article 121.
Regime of islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
13
PART IX.
ENCLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Article 122.
Article 123.
PART X.
RIGHT OF ACCESS OF LAND-LOCKED STATES TO
AND FROM THE SEA AND FREEDOM OF TRANSIT . . . . 64
Article 124.
Article 125.
Article 126.
Article 127.
Article 128.
Article 129.
Article 130.
Article 131.
Article 132.
PART XI.
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Cooperation of States
bordering enclosed or
semi-enclosed seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Right of access to and from
the sea and freedom of
transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exclusion of application of
the most-favoured-nation
clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Customs duties, taxes and
other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Free zones and other
customs facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooperation
in the
construction and
improvement of means of
transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measures to avoid or
eliminate delays or other
difficulties of a technical
nature in traffic in transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equal treatment in maritime
ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grant of greater transit
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
THE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SECTION l.
GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 133.
Use of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 134.
Scope of this Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 135.
Legal status of the
superjacent waters and air
space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 2.
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE AREA . . . . . . . . .
Article 136.
Common heritage of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 137.
Legal status of the Area and its resources . . . . . . . .
Article 138.
General conduct of States in relation to the Area . . .
Article 139.
Responsibility to ensure
compliance and liability for
damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 140.
Benefit of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 141.
Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes .
Article 142.
Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States . . .
Article 143.
Marine scientific research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
66
66
67
67
67
67
67
67
68
68
68
69
14
Article 144.
Article 145.
Article 146.
Article 147.
Transfer of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protection of the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . .
Protection of human life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation of
activities in the Area and in
the marine environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 148.
Participation of developing
States in activities in the
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 149.
Archaeological and historical objects . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 3.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES OF THE AREA . .
Article 150.
Policies relating to activities in the Area . . . . . . . . .
Article 151.
Production policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 152.
Exercise of powers and
functions by the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 153.
System of exploration and exploitation . . . . . . . . . .
Article 154.
Periodic review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 155.
The Review Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 4.
THE AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUBSECTION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 156.
Establishment of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Article 157.
Nature and fundamental
principles of the Authority . . . . . . . . …
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